What is Overtourism? (And What Are Overtourism Destinations?)

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Earlier this summer, Barcelona made headlines when locals squirted tourists with water guns. This baffled many people – don’t destinations want to attract visitors to their spot, and get the money money that tourists bring to a destination? 

What people need to understand is what happens when these initiatives bring too many people.  That’s when we get overtourism, and protests like the one in Barcelona. 

What is Overtourism? 

The World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism) defines overtourism as “the impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of citizens and/or quality of visitor experiences in a negative way.” This can mean different things to different locations:  crowded streets, short-term rentals driving up housing costs, overcrowded landmarks, and even the environment and land being negatively affected by the hordes of tourists trouncing around. 

What Causes Overtourism? 

There are many causes of overtourism, and locations can become an overtourism hotbed due to one or many factors. Some of the most common causes of overtourism include: 

Low-cost Travel 

Budget airlines offering cheap deals to a destination can cause tourists to flock to areas that have not been traditionally visited. This is especially true within Europe, where many low-cost airlines encourage travelers to go to places not normally visited (like Croatia and Barcelona). Budget airline CheapoAir has started suggesting alternate destinations for people to fly, rather than the more alluring destinations suffering from overtourism. 

Social Media Influence

Social media has driven tourists to destinations they may not have visited in the past, often because of the idyllic way influencers portray them. Many people want to recreate a photo they saw on social media, and because of this, specific spots get overcrowded with everyone who wants the same shot. In her book “Overtourism,” Ulrike Gretzel explains “Social media not only frame destination images, they also influence the relative importance of the destination in the visuals and the visit experience.” She also explains that “Social media not only heighten motivations to travel, they also foster travel to specific destinations and influence behaviours at destinations.” 

Lack of Regulation

Many destinations have begun setting tourist restrictions to curb the negative effects of too many visitors. Several have restricted cruise ship access, which often brings tourists in by the droves. Some places have also started implementing a tourist tax, usually an extra tax on hotel bills. Perhaps the most famous spot that has started regulating tourism is Maya Bay on Ko Phi Phi Leh island in Thailand, made famous by The Beach, the 2000 film starring Leonardo DiCaprio. Thanks to environmental damage, the bay has shut down temporarily from time to time since 2018, so that the ecosystem can recover from tourists. Some areas, like Machu Picchu, Barcelona, and Amsterdam have no regulations and struggle with consistent overtourism. 

Economic Incentives 

One of the most obvious reasons for overtourism is the economic impact tourists have on an area. When people travel, they spend money, and that money is too good for governments to pass up, so they often encourage visitors to come. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, “In 2019, prior to the pandemic, Travel & Tourism (including its direct, indirect, and induced impacts) accounted for 10.5% of all jobs (334 million) and 10.4% of global GDP (US$ 10.3 trillion). Meanwhile, international visitor spending amounted to US$ 1.91 trillion in 2019.” In 2023, Travel & Tourism accounted for 9.1% of global GDP. That is a huge number, and it’s no wonder governments want a part of it. Once they start advertising, however, they have to ensure they have the infrastructure to handle all the extra people who will start to flock there. 

Impacts of Overtourism

Environmental Damage

Pollution

Increased waste generation, air and water pollution from transportation and infrastructure development, and damage to fragile ecosystems can all result from overtourism. Discarded plastic from water bottles and food packaging can pollute waterways and harm wildlife. Traffic congestion from tourist vehicles can lead to air pollution, especially in areas with limited air circulation. Construction of new hotels, roads, and other infrastructure to accommodate tourists can disrupt natural habitats and increase erosion. In some cases, sewage treatment facilities may not be able to keep up with the surge in waste generated by tourists, leading to water pollution.

Resource Depletion

Overtourism can lead to the overconsumption of water, energy, and other natural resources. Tourists often use more water than locals, for showering, flushing toilets, and watering lawns and gardens. Energy consumption can also rise as tourists use air conditioning, heating, and appliances in their hotel rooms. In some areas like Sao Paolo and Cape Town, tourism can put a strain on water supplies, leading to water shortages.

Habitat Destruction

The development of new tourist infrastructure, such as hotels, resorts, and golf courses, can lead to deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and loss of biodiversity. This can have a negative impact on wildlife populations and ecosystems. For example, the construction of a new beach resort may destroy the natural habitat of birds, turtles, and other wildlife. 

Socio-cultural Issues

Conflicts between Locals and Tourists

As previously mentioned, overtourism can lead to conflicts between locals and tourists, like the one this summer in Barcelona.  This can be caused by competition for resources, such as water and noise pollution from tourist activity. Tourists may also disrupt traditional ways of life, by making noise late at night or dressing in ways that are considered offensive by locals. It can also be as simple as your favorite restaurant that never used to have a long wait is now impossible to get into thanks to all of the tourists going there. 

Erosion of Local Culture

When a destination becomes too tourist-oriented, it can lead to the erosion of local culture. This can happen when traditions are commercialized or exploited to cater to tourist expectations. Local festivals may become more about selling souvenirs to tourists than about celebrating cultural traditions.

Increased Crime Rates

Overtourism can also lead to an increase in crime rates. This can be because transient populations can create opportunities for petty crime, such as theft and vandalism. In some cases, tourists may be targeted by criminals because they are seen as easy prey.

Economic Consequences

Rising Living Costs for Locals

Overtourism can lead to rising living costs for locals. This can happen when there is an increased demand for housing and other goods and services. As tourism becomes the dominant industry in a destination, other industries may decline, leading to a less diversified economy. This can make it difficult for locals to find jobs outside of the tourism sector.

Inflated Prices

Businesses in tourist destinations may inflate prices for goods and services. This can make it difficult for locals to afford to live in their own communities. Tourists may also be willing to pay higher prices for goods and services, which can lead to inflation.

Economic Inequality

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The benefits of tourism may not be evenly distributed among the local population. Wealthy landowners and business owners may be the ones who benefit most from tourism, while low-wage workers may see little or no improvement in their standard of living. This can exacerbate existing inequalities in a destination.

Deteriorated Visitor Experience

Overcrowding

One of the major factors of overtourism is overcrowding at popular tourist destinations. This can make it difficult for tourists to enjoy the places they are visiting. Overcrowded beaches, museums, and other attractions can be unpleasant and frustrating for both tourists and locals. 

Long Wait Times

Overcrowding can also lead to long wait times for transportation, attractions, and services. Tourists may have to wait in line for hours to get into a popular attraction or to take a taxi, making for a less-than-fun vacation.

Diminished Authenticity

When a destination becomes too tourist-oriented, it can lose its sense of authenticity. This can happen when local businesses and culture are replaced by generic tourist shops and restaurants. Tourists who are looking for a unique and authentic experience may be disappointed by what they find in overtouristed destinations.

Solution to Overtourism

Addressing overtourism requires a multifaceted approach. Tailored solutions specific to each destination are essential, considering factors like local culture and economy. The tourism industry must contribute by distributing tourists to less crowded areas and investing in sustainable practices. Governments have a crucial role in managing visitor numbers through regulations, such as capacity limits and tourist taxes. Tourists can contribute by choosing less popular destinations, respecting local cultures, and minimizing environmental impact. Ultimately, a collaborative effort involving destinations, businesses, governments, and tourists is necessary to effectively address overtourism.

Top 10 Spots Suffering from Overtourism

Venice, Italy

Famous for its intricate canal system and historical architecture, Venice has become overwhelmed by tourists. The city’s fragile infrastructure is struggling to support the influx of visitors, leading to overcrowding, erosion of the city’s fabric, and a decline in quality of life for residents.

Instead try: Burano, Italy, a nearby island offering a more authentic Venetian experience with less crowds.

Barcelona, Spain

This vibrant city has experienced a rapid increase in tourism, putting immense pressure on its resources. Noise pollution, overcrowding, and rising living costs for locals have become significant issues. The city’s unique culture and architecture are at risk of being overshadowed by mass tourism.

Instead try: Tarragona, Spain,  a coastal town with a relaxed atmosphere and rich cultural heritage.

Amsterdam, Netherlands

Known for its liberal atmosphere, canals, and cultural attractions, Amsterdam has become a magnet for tourists. Overcrowding, especially in the city center, has led to issues such as noise pollution, litter, and strain on local infrastructure.

Instead try: Utrecht, Netherlands, for a a more authentic Dutch experience with fewer crowds and a vibrant cultural scene.

Bali, Indonesia

Once a serene island paradise, Bali has transformed into a bustling tourist hotspot. The influx of visitors has caused significant environmental damage, including pollution, deforestation, and coral reef degradation. Cultural erosion and conflicts between locals and tourists have also emerged.

Instead try: Flores, Indonesia,  for a quieter and more authentic Indonesian experience.

Santorini, Greece

Renowned for its stunning caldera views and whitewashed buildings, Santorini has become synonymous with luxury tourism. Overcrowding, particularly during peak season, has placed immense pressure on the island’s infrastructure and resources. The authentic Greek island experience is increasingly difficult to find amidst the mass tourism.

Instead try: Amorgos, Greece,  for stunning landscapes, traditional Greek charm and a more relaxed atmosphere.

Maya Bay, Thailand

Made famous by the movie “The Beach,” Maya Bay experienced a rapid surge in popularity. The delicate marine ecosystem suffered severe damage due to the influx of boats and tourists. The bay has been closed indefinitely to recover, highlighting the devastating impact of uncontrolled tourism.

Instead try: Phi Phi Don, a less crowded and equally as beautiful beach. 

Mount Everest, Nepal

The world’s highest peak has become increasingly commercialized, attracting a growing number of climbers. The resulting overcrowding has led to traffic jams, pollution, and safety hazards, compromising the mountain’s pristine environment.

Instead try: Annapurna, Nepal, for a less crowded and equally rewarding mountaineering experience.

Machu Picchu, Peru

This iconic Inca citadel faces immense pressure from the number of visitors. The delicate ruins are at risk of damage from foot traffic, while the local community struggles to cope with the influx of tourists.

Instead try: Choquequirao, Peru, a lesser-known Inca site which offers breathtaking views and a less crowded alternative to Machu Picchu.

Great Barrier Reef, Australia

Beyond the threats of climate change, the Great Barrier Reef is also impacted by overtourism. Boat traffic, pollution from sunscreen, and damage caused by careless tourists contribute to the reef’s decline.

Instead try: Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia, known for its diverse marine life and stunning coral formations.

Grand Canyon National Park, USA

This natural wonder attracts millions of visitors annually. Overcrowding, traffic congestion, and waste management have become significant challenges, impacting both the park’s environment and visitor experience.

Instead try: Zion National Park, Utah for equally impressive natural landscapes and fewer crowds.

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